What if I fail the ITIL Service Strategy Certification exam?

If you follow the study plan and pass the mock exams, we provide free re-training and continued simulator access until you pass. Our commitment is to your result, not just the course hours.

How does the money-back guarantee work?

If you are genuinely dissatisfied with the quality of the training within the first week, we issue a full refund, no questions asked. We stand by our instruction quality.

Who answers my support questions?

Only certified ITIL Experts answer your content-related queries about IT Financial Management and Demand Management ITIL, ensuring authoritative, expert guidance.

What is your ultimate commitment to my success?

To turn you into a recognized strategic leader, securing your ITIL Service Strategy Certification and non-negotiably moving you closer to ITIL Expert status.

Why is this ITIL lifecycle module considered essential?

Because it covers the stage where the business value is defined, justified, and funded ?it is the strategic and financial foundation of the entire ITIL framework.

Will this certification help my PMP renewal?

Yes. This course provides Professional Development Units (PDUs) which contribute directly toward maintaining your PMP certification.

How does IT Financial Management mastery translate to career value?

It translates directly into secured budgets, verifiable cost transparency, and the ability to link every IT investment to a strategic business outcome?a high-value executive skill.

Is the cost of the ITIL SS certification worth the ROI?

Yes. The salary premium and job market visibility gained by holding this intermediate certification significantly outweigh the training and exam fee.

What is the total ITIL Service Strategy Certification cost?

The all-inclusive fee depends on the format you choose (Live Online or Classroom). Please refer to the schedule for the exact pricing.

Are there any hidden charges?

No. Our pricing is transparent and typically includes the exam voucher and digital materials. Do not expect hidden costs.

Do you offer EMI options?

Yes. We provide flexible No-Cost EMI options for your convenience.

Can I get a corporate invoice?

Yes. We provide a GST-compliant invoice addressed to your company for corporate reimbursement or direct sponsorship.

Can I pay in installments instead of EMI?

No. We do not offer direct installment plans for individuals. You must utilize the third-party No-Cost EMI option if you require phased payments. We process the payment in one go.

What is the refund policy if I cancel enrollment before the course starts?

If you cancel 7 days or more before the course start date, you are eligible for a full refund of the training fee. Cancellations inside the 7-day window may incur a 10% administrative charge.

Is GST included in the price shown on the schedule?

No. The price displayed is the base fee. 18% GST is applicable and will be calculated and added during the checkout process, as required by Indian tax law.

What is the process for redeeming the exam voucher?

We provide the voucher code via email immediately after the training fee is processed. You must then use this code to book your exam date directly on the PeopleCert website. We guide you through this process.

Do you offer group discounts for multiple enrollments?

Yes. If three or more individuals from the same organization enroll simultaneously, we offer a significant group discount. Contact our sales team directly for the specific rate.

Can I use a credit card issued outside India for payment?

Yes. Our payment gateway supports major international credit cards (Visa, Mastercard, Amex). However, be aware of potential currency conversion fees charged by your issuing bank.

Do you accept Purchase Orders (POs) from corporate clients?

Yes. We work with numerous large corporations and accept official Purchase Orders (POs) as a method of payment for training services.

ITIL Service Strategy Training Zurich

ITIL Service Strategy Certification Overview Bangalore

Your ITIL Service Strategy Isn't a Certificate. It's Your Mandate for Relevance

Your services are running, but are they the right services? Are they funded correctly? The business judges IT not on uptime, but on value. If you cannot articulate ITIL Service Strategy definition in terms of customer outcomes, strategic assets, and financial returns, you are a cost center, not a partner. The ITIL Service Strategy Certification is the definitive proof that you can look beyond technology and operate at the strategic business level. This course is designed to eliminate the 'order-taker' mentality. It teaches you the precise principles and processes required to define a service provider's unique position in the market. You?ll learn how to approach the four critical Service Strategy processes, including Demand Management ITIL (managing customer workload) and IT Financial Management (justifying IT costs). This module is the brain of the entire Service Lifecycle. The market demands that senior IT roles?CIOs, Enterprise Architects, and Strategic Planners?possess the ITIL SS credential. Without it, you lack the accredited, standardized knowledge to secure budgets and drive effective market-based strategies common in competitive Indian business environments. Stop accepting budget constraints; start commanding investment based on proven strategy. We built this for professionals who understand that positioning and funding are everything. The training provides scenario-based application of the four core processes, ensuring your knowledge translates directly into optimized, measurable business strategy.

ITIL Service Strategy Training Course Highlights ? Bangalore

More Than a Course - It's Your Career Accelerator

Core Lifecycle Module

Earns 3 credits toward your ITIL Expert status, completing a mandatory component of the ITIL Lifecycle SS path.

Master the Four Processes

Deep dive into IT Financial Management, Demand Management ITIL, Service Portfolio Management, and Service Strategy Management.

Strategic Integration

Rigorous training on how ITIL Service Strategy processes drive all subsequent lifecycle stages (Design, Transition, Operation).

Value Justification Focus

Master the techniques for articulating service value using utility, warranty, and customer assets?the core of the value of ITIL Service Strategy.

ITIL SS Exam Precision

Practice with graded mock exams that target the scenario-based, multi-choice format required to pass the Intermediate exam.

Service Provider Types

Understand the three types of service providers (Internal, External, Shared) and the distinct strategies each must adopt.

Career Relevance

ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program is a professional certification that helps individuals understand service strategy principles and practices. Service desk professionals in Zurich can benefit by understanding the service value chain, service portfolio, and service catalog. This knowledge enables them to manage service offerings and align them with business needs.

Effective service strategy is critical for IT organizations to deliver value to customers. A service strategy framework provides a structured approach to develop, manage, and improve services. IT service managers use this framework to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) and monitor service performance.

By aligning service strategy with business objectives, organizations can ensure that services are delivered efficiently and effectively. In practice, a well-designed service strategy helps IT teams prioritize services and allocate resources effectively. This enables them to focus on high-priority services and improve overall service quality.

Corporate Training

Tailored programs for teams with enterprise support

Learning Models

Choose from digital or instructor-led training for a customized learning experience.

LMS Platform

Access an enterprise-grade Learning Management System built for scalability and security.

Pricing Options

Pick from flexible pricing plans that fit your team size and learning goals.

Performance Dashboards

Track progress with intuitive dashboards for individuals and teams.

24x7 Support

Get round-the-clock learner assistance whenever you need help.

Account Manager

Work with a dedicated account manager who ensures smooth delivery and support.

Ready to transform your team?

Get a custom quote for your organization's training needs.

Request Corporate Quote

Work Responsibilities

Career relevance of ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program is evident in the increasing demand for professionals who can develop and manage service strategies. This certification is recommended for IT managers, service desk managers, and business analysts. ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program covers service portfolio management, service level management, and demand management.

These concepts are crucial for IT organizations to deliver high-quality services that meet business needs. By understanding these concepts, professionals can develop and manage services that meet customer expectations. Professionals with this certification can expect to take on more senior roles in IT organizations, such as IT service manager or service portfolio manager.

They can also contribute to the development of service strategy and improve overall service quality in organizations based in Zurich.

Upcoming Schedule

Join the next batch that fits your timezone

Skills You Will Gain In Our ITIL SS Program

From Knowledge to Actionable Intelligence

IT Financial Management

Master budgeting, accounting, and charging to track service costs accurately and provide transparency to the business.

Demand Management ITIL

Learn to forecast, analyze, and influence service demand patterns to optimize capacity and reduce costs during off-peak times.

Service Portfolio Management

Master the lifecycle of the Service Portfolio (Pipeline, Catalogue, Retired), ensuring services align with strategy and resource availability.

Strategic Assessment

Acquire the skills to perform SWOT analysis, understand service economics, and define the unique value proposition of IT services.

ITIL Service Strategy Definition

Deepen your understanding of ITIL Service Strategy definition including utility, warranty, and the four service assets (management, organization, process, knowledge).

Business Relationship Management

Understand the strategic role of BRM in ensuring business needs and service offerings are constantly aligned.

Who This Program Is For

Ideal Candidates for ITIL SS Certification

ITIL Foundation certified professionals seeking Intermediate credits.

CIOs, CTOs, and IT Directors.

Enterprise Architects and Strategic Planners.

IT Financial Management Specialists and BRMs.

If your role requires you to justify the value of ITIL Service Strategy investment and shape the future of the IT organization, this certification is non-negotiable.

Industry Applicability

ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program is applicable to various industries, including finance, healthcare, and education. These industries require efficient service management to deliver high-quality services to customers. Service strategy is critical in these industries to manage services effectively and ensure that they meet customer needs.

By understanding service strategy principles and practices, professionals can develop and manage services that meet business objectives. IT service managers use service portfolio management to prioritize services and allocate resources effectively. In practice, ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program helps professionals in Zurich develop service strategies that meet business needs.

This enables them to improve overall service quality and reduce costs.

ITIL SS Certification Training Program Roadmap ? Bangalore

The Step-by-Step System for First-Attempt Success

Step 1: Verify Prerequisites

Confirm you hold the ITIL Foundation Certificate (mandatory).

Step 2: Master the Processes

Absorb the four ITIL Service Strategy processes and the foundational economic principles of service provision.

Step 3: Scenario Drilling

Apply the framework to complex financial and market-based scenarios, focusing on investment justification and demand forecasting.

Step 4: Graded Exam Practice

Conquer the unique 5/3/1/0 scoring system with targeted mock exams that reflect the ITIL Lifecycle SS material.

Step 5: Identify Distractors

Learn the specific techniques to spot the 'distractor' (zero-point) answers that sabotage most candidates.

Step 6: Execute & Pass

Take the exam, achieve the required 70%, and secure your 3 credits towards ITIL Expert status.

Step 7: Drive Investment

Immediately implement strategic planning and IT Financial Management practices to secure and optimize IT budgets.

1/7

Why get ITIL SS-certified?

The Credential That Ends the Gatekeeping

Stop building services without a business case.

The ITIL Service Strategy Certification proves you possess the strategic knowledge to justify all IT investment.

Unlock C-Level Roles.

This credential is a mandatory filter for senior leadership roles focused on IT Governance, Strategy, and IT Financial Management.

Complete the Lifecycle.

Earn 3 credits toward your ITIL Expert status, validating your competence in the crucial ITIL Lifecycle SS stage.

Eligibility and Pre-requisites

For ITIL Service Strategy Certification

This is an Intermediate Lifecycle module.

Eligibility Criteria:

ITIL Foundation Certificate: You must hold the ITIL Foundation Certificate in IT Service Management.

Required Training: Completion of a minimum of 21 contact hours (3 days) of formal, accredited ITIL Service Strategy Certification training is mandatory.

Recommended Experience: At least 2 years of professional experience working in an IT service management or strategic planning environment is highly recommended.

Practical Application

Practical application of ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program involves developing and managing service strategies, managing service portfolios, and ensuring that services meet business needs. This certification is essential for IT professionals who want to develop their skills in service management. ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program covers service level management, demand management, and service portfolio management.

These concepts are critical for IT organizations to deliver high-quality services that meet customer expectations. By understanding these concepts, professionals can develop and manage services that meet business objectives. Professionals with this certification can expect to take on more senior roles in IT organizations, such as IT service manager or service portfolio manager.

They can also contribute to the development of service strategy and improve overall service quality in organizations based in Zurich.

Course Modules & Curriculum

Comprehensive modules covering all knowledge areas

Module 1 Principles and Foundation ▾

Lesson 1: Purpose and Objectives of Service Strategy

Define the scope and critical goal of ITIL Service Strategy definition and its role in translating business objectives into strategic IT goals.

Lesson 2: Service Provider Types, Value, and Assets

Master the concepts of Utility, Warranty, Value, and the four Service Assets (Management, Organization, Process, Knowledge) that justify IT existence.

Lesson 3: The 4 Ps of Strategy

Understand how to define and manage Perspective, Position, Plan, and Pattern to establish a unique market presence.

Module 2 Core Strategy Processes ▾

Lesson 1: Service Strategy Management

Master the governance, principles, and activities required to establish and maintain the service provider's strategy.

Lesson 2: IT Financial Management

Deep dive into budgeting, accounting, and charging?the mandatory processes for funding services and ensuring cost transparency.

Lesson 3: Demand Management ITIL

Learn to analyze, forecast, and influence customer demand patterns to optimize capacity and reduce risk of resource bottlenecks.

Module 3 Strategic Processes and Relationships ▾

Lesson 1: Service Portfolio Management

Master the full lifecycle of the Service Portfolio (Define, Analyze, Approve, Charter), ensuring services align with business goals and available resources.

Lesson 2: Business Relationship Management (BRM)

Understand the strategic role of BRM in maintaining a healthy relationship between IT and the business, ensuring needs are captured and expectations are managed.

Lesson 3: Strategy Challenges, CSFs, and Risks

Analyze the common risks (e.g., funding, lack of business alignment) and Critical Success Factors (CSFs) unique to the ITIL Lifecycle SS stage.

Module 4 Implementation and Governance ▾

Lesson 1: Strategic Change Management

Review the approach to strategic change, linking it to the overall Service Lifecycle and ensuring governance consistency.

Lesson 2: Technology and Architecture

Examine how technology, architecture, and sourcing strategies are developed to support the overall ITIL Service Strategy Certification goals.

Lesson 3: Organizational Development and Governance

Understand the required organizational design and governance structures (e.g., policy, controls) to enforce the service strategy.

Module 5 Exam Strategy and Final Synthesis ▾

Lesson 1: Review of ITIL Service Strategy processes

Targeted review of the four core processes, focusing on their inputs, outputs, and interfaces with Service Design and Service Transition.

Lesson 2: Conquering the 5/3/1/0 Scoring System

Specific, focused training on identifying the 'best' answer (5 points) and eliminating the 'distractor' (0 points) on the closed-book exam.

Lesson 3: Final ITIL SS exam papers Strategy

Final mock exam execution, time management drills, and self-assessment against the exam requirements to ensure readiness.

ITIL Service Strategy Certification & Exam FAQ

Find answers to common questions about our course and certification

What is the required passing score for the ITIL Service Strategy Certification? ▾

You must achieve 70% (equivalent to 28 correct points out of a maximum of 40 total points) on the graded, scenario-based multiple-choice exam. Failure to hit this high bar means failure.

What is the format of the ITIL SS Exam? ▾

It is a closed-book, 90-minute exam consisting of only 8 scenario-based multiple-choice questions. Each answer is scored on the complex gradient scale of 5, 3, 1, or 0 points.

How many credits does this module provide? ▾

The ITIL Lifecycle SS module provides 3 credits toward the mandatory 17 credits required to formally achieve ITIL Expert status.

Is the exam open book? ▾

No. Absolutely not. Like all Intermediate exams (except MALC), the ITIL Service Strategy Certification exam is strictly closed book. You must have the core concepts memorized.

What is the ITIL Service Strategy definition of value? ▾

Value is defined entirely by the customer's perception and is composed of two non-negotiable primary elements: Utility (what the service does, or fitness for purpose) and Warranty (how well the service performs, or fitness for use).

Do you provide sample ITIL SS exam papers? ▾

Yes. Our course materials include high-fidelity sample ITIL SS exam papers and mock exams that accurately reflect the strategic, scenario-based nature of the actual test.

How long is the ITIL SS Certification valid? ▾

The ITIL SS Certification is permanent (valid for life). However, to maintain 'active' ITIL status, ongoing professional development (or taking an ITIL 4 module) is required every three years.1

How do you prepare candidates for the 5/3/1/0 scoring? ▾

We dedicate intensive time to this, training candidates to analyze scenarios and select the answer that represents the best strategic, financial, and holistic application of ITIL principles (the 5-point answer).

What is the value of ITIL Service Strategy? ▾

It dictates that the service provider thinks strategically, identifies the services to offer, allocates resources accordingly, and ensures services justify their cost through clear business value.2 It turns IT into a business unit.

What is the cost of the ITIL SS exam? ▾

The ITIL SS exam papers voucher cost is significant and is best managed by purchasing a training bundle for better value and streamlined administration.

What are the four core ITIL Service Strategy processes? ▾

The four key ITIL Service Strategy processes are: Service Strategy Management, Service Portfolio Management, IT Financial Management, and Demand Management ITIL.

What is the primary objective of IT Financial Management? ▾

Its objective is two-fold: 1) Secure the appropriate level of funding for the service provider to meet its strategic goals, and 2) Provide absolute cost transparency to the business to justify expenditure.

What is Demand Management ITIL? ▾

The disciplined process of understanding, anticipating, and influencing customer demand for services to optimize capacity and ensure efficient resource utilization. It prevents over-provisioning and under-provisioning.

What kind of jobs does this certification unlock? ▾

It unlocks high-level, executive roles such as CIO, IT Director, Enterprise Architect, and Senior Strategic Planner.3 These roles require the ability to link IT activity directly to business outcomes.

Is the ITIL Service Strategy Certification still relevant with ITIL 4? ▾

Yes, fundamentally so. The core principles, especially those related to value, funding, and strategy, are the essential, non-obsolete foundations upon which the entire ITIL 4 framework is built.

How does Service Portfolio Management differ from Service Catalogue Management? ▾

Service Portfolio Management governs the full investment lifecycle (Pipeline, Catalogue, Retired).4 Service Catalogue Management only lists the active, operational services available to users. The Portfolio is strategic; the Catalogue is operational.

Skill Gap

ITIL Service Strategy Certification Training Program highlights the skill gap that exists in service management. Service strategy is critical in IT organizations to deliver high-quality services that meet business needs. Service strategy frameworks provide a structured approach to develop, manage, and improve services.

IT service managers use these frameworks to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) and monitor service performance. By aligning service strategy with business objectives, organizations can ensure that services are delivered efficiently and effectively. In practice, a well-designed service strategy helps IT teams prioritize services and allocate resources effectively.

This enables them to focus on high-priority services and improve overall service quality in organizations based in Zurich.

Customer Testimonials

Hear from our successful graduates

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Great class, very informative.

James Conklin

Project Manager, Harris Health System

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Great PMP® Bootcamp. I had a great time taking this course. I took the course to prepare to sit for the CAPM® but may be able to sit for the PMP®. I learnt a lot was challenging. Great course. We need one more day. Content was very detailed.

Karle Scroggins

Operations Coordinator, Harris Health System

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

it was a great class. Lots of energy. And I enjoyed.

John Denke

Project Manager , Boeing

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Fantastic course to prepare for PMP® exam.

Kevin Hambrice

Global Factory Sales & Marketing Manager, ABB

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

As a participant it was smooth sailing for me.

Eric S. Tumlinson

Sr. Project Manager, Montco Oilfield Contractors, LLC

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Trainer was excellent. Shared good resources and good experiences.

Khemoni Holmes

Project Manager, Harris Health System

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Good content and training.

Dennis Glover

Project Manager, eProtex

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I wanted to let you know that I took and passed the PMP exam. Thanks to iCert Global and especially my Cincinnati course instructor, who was an excellent teacher and helped me immensely.

Steve Ditty

Executive Director, Cogent IBS

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Trainer was good. Trainer was very engaged and interacting. Very much satisfied with the training.

Stefan Long

Owner, MAGMAX Group LLC

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I was pleasantly surprised at the quality of this training. Yomi was awesome as a trainer and working to make sure that we understood the concepts. Controlling Cost and Controlling Risk are the most complicated, but Yomi spent time after class working through questions to help others understand. This class also helped to change my perception of the PMP being this MONSTER to something that I can I can successfully do.

Nancy Davis

Sr. Project Manager , GK Software USA, Inc

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Great class with a lot of information and tips to prepare for the exam

John Eric Nelson

Business Development Manager , WCA Waste

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

It was a great course, covered all the things that i ended up hitting road bumps on. I was the only one in the class, but the trainer was just as involved as if it had been a full class.

Mark Butler

Project Manager, Starbucks Via Aerotek

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I was nervous about taking it online versus classroom; but I am actually glad I took it online. Instructor was very great and gave a good learning experience with his relevant project management experience.

Xeng Yang

IT Specialist, Beautiful Creations & More

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

The training was very intense but covered with course material. It was more than I expected.

Bernadette Gilliam

Operations/Technical Support Analyst , The Johns Hopkins Hospital

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I thought the class was very informative. The instructor did an excellent job breaking down each chapter to where it was easy to understand. I was also very impressed with his commitment to help us pass ever after the class is over.

Taylor Mitchell

Business Management, AT&T

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Excellent training. Instructor was very knowledgeable and explained information in an understandable way

Sandra Hamilton Allen

Sales Analyst , Alcon

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Quality Materials presented, Instructor very knowledgeable. Exceeded my expectations.

Anthony Muldrow

Engineering Safety Manager, SNC-Lavalin

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

The training is a great introduction into the PMI mindset. Very informative and helpful

Bryan Tamburro

Managing Partner, Arrakis Development LLC

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

The training is a great introduction into the PMI mindset. Very informative and helpful

Joseph Quass

Senior Financial Analyst , Stanford Healthcare

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

All positive - trainer has vast experience in different types of projects which helped with the examples he provided

Alaa Ahmed Hameed Al-Kayat

Business Development Manager , Louis Berger

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Great! Lots of material and very helpful to not only learn the material but also prepare for the exam. Completely satisfied with the training.

Jason Lui

Senior Product Manager, Ingenio

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Great Course. Dr. Ram was an awesome teacher. I could listen to him all day.

Colleen Lee

Software Engineer, Johns Hopkins Community Physicians

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I completed the Online Training Session and thought it was well put together and satisfied everything I expected.

Brent Herring

Site Project Controls Manager , Performance Contractors Inc

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

I really enjoyed how thorough trainer was with the course information and taking time to elaborate on areas that may have been somewhat confusing. He did a tremendous job in making sure that we knew what would possibly be on the exam and ensuring our confidence to take the exam within the next few months. Overall, I thought the course was great and trainer was exceptional in his teaching of the curriculum.

Quentin Cheeks

Marketing & Communications Project Coordinator, Johns Hopkins Community Physicians

★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Great content. Teacher did an excellent job of presenting the material, knew the material well.

Patrick Hinckley

Program Manager , P&W

Course & Support

Everything you need to know about our training options and support

How long does the ITIL Service Strategy training take? ▾

The course is typically 3 intensive days (20?24 hours). The duration is necessary due to the complexity of the strategic and financial processes required for the scenario-based exam.

What are the minimum contact hours required for the exam? ▾

You must complete a minimum of 21 contact hours of accredited training to be eligible for the ITIL Service Strategy Certification exam. This is a non-negotiable compliance requirement.

Do you offer weekend batches for ITIL Lifecycle SS? ▾

Yes. We offer weekend-only Live Online batches accessible across India, specifically designed to minimize disruption to your demanding weekday work schedule.

Who are the instructors for ITIL SS? ▾

Our instructors are certified ITIL Experts with deep, practical experience in IT Governance, Enterprise Architecture, and IT Financial Management. You learn strategy from executive practitioners.

Can I pursue self study for this intermediate course? ▾

No. You must complete training from an ATO to sit the Intermediate exam. Self-study is non-compliant and will administratively block you from obtaining the voucher.

How accurate are the mock exams? ▾

They are highly accurate, featuring scenario complexity, scoring methods, and question structure identical to the official PeopleCert exam. They are engineered to ensure zero surprises on test day.

Does this course cover the full syllabus? ▾

Yes. Our curriculum is 100% aligned with the official syllabus, covering all four ITIL Service Strategy processes in their entirety.

Do you provide sample ITIL SS exam papers? ▾

We provide official and proprietary sample questions, focusing heavily on financial management and strategic alignment scenarios, which are the most challenging and heavily tested areas.

Can I retake the practice tests? ▾

Yes. You have unlimited attempts on all practice quizzes and full-length mock exams to continuously track your progress and achieve mastery of the scoring logic.

How do I prepare for the closed-book format? ▾

Our training focuses on drilling the purpose, objective, scope, and key interfaces of the processes. These are the critical, conceptual elements tested?not rote memorization of lists.